定语从句 (形容词性从句)Attributive Clauses
定语从句在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词。被修饰的名词/代词称为先行词。
核心公式
六种关系代词详解
- 1 who
- 先行词:指人
- 从句成分:充当主语,作宾语时可以省略
- A job interview is an important chance for people who want to get hired.
- 2 whom
- 先行词:指人
- 从句成分:充当宾语,作宾语时可以省略
- That is the technician whom we called to fix our internet connection.
- 3 which
- 先行词:指物
- 从句成分:充当主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略
- The system which controls the building's temperature failed last night.
- 4 that
- 先行词:既可以指人,也可以指物
- 从句成分:充当主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略
- Practice answering common questions, focusing on stories that prove your abilities.
- 5 whose
- 先行词:既可以指人,也可以指物
- 从句成分:充当定语
- Employers also like people whose attitudes match the job's needs.
- 6 as
- 先行词:指代整个主句的内容
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引导限制性定语从句,常用于 4 种固定搭配:① such…as ② so…as ③ the same…as ④ as…as
Such people as have made great contributions should be respected.
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引导非限制性定语从句,代表主句的整个内容,常见结构:
As we all know, / As is known to all, / As we all can see,
As has been said above, / As might be expected, / As is often the case.As is known to all, China is a country with the largest population.
🚨 核心考点:只能使用 that 的 8 种情况
-
1 当先行词是不定代词时(something 除外),或被不定代词修饰时
触发词:everything, nothing, all, none, little, few, some, any 等
例句:- All that can be done has been done.
- There is little that I can do for you.
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2 当先行词被序数词修饰时
例句:
- The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
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3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
例句:
- This is the best film that I have seen.
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4 当主句以疑问词 who 或 which 开头时(为了避免重复)
例句:
- Who is the man that is standing there?
- Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
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5 当先行词被 the very(恰恰,正是)或 the only(唯一的)修饰时
例句:
- This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
- The old car is the only thing that he owned.
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6 当先行词在定语从句中充当表语时
例句:
- China is not the country that it was.
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7 在 There be 句型中,先行词指物时
例句:
- There are two novels that I want to read.
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8 当先行词的并列结构中既有人,也有动物或物体时
例句:
- Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
💡 进阶避坑:关于 something 的特殊考点
something 虽是复合不定代词,但在以下 3 种情形中规则截然不同。专升本/四级极易在此设置干扰项。
当 something 撞上
最高级 / 序数词 / 表语时
此时定语从句的限定性极强,即使先行词是 something,也强制使用 that,不可用 which 替换。
- This is something that is the most valuable in his life.
- It was something that was the first thing I noticed.
- He is not something that he appears to be.
非限制性逗号 · 介词提前
非限制性定语从句中一律禁止 that;介词直接提到关系词前时,也只能用 which。
- Something, which I forgot to mention, is vital.
- It was something on which he totally depended.
- There is something about which we need to talk.
普通独立状态下
something + 定语从句
当 something 单独作先行词,没有最高级/序数词等特殊限定词,也没有逗号或介词提前时,that 与 which 均可使用。
- There is something that / which I want to tell you.
- I found something that / which belongs to you.
- She said something that / which made everyone laugh.
关系代词功能对照表
下表总结:先行词指人/指物时,从句缺失不同成分所对应的关系代词选择(一般不选择that,除非专门考那些情况)
| 先行词种类 | 从句缺主语 | 从句缺宾语 | 从句缺表语 | 从句缺定语 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 指人 (People) | who / that | whom / who / that | that | whose |
| 指物 (Things) | which / that | which / that | that | whose |
关系副词详解 Relative Adverbs
- ① when
-
基本概念
先行词表示时间,关系副词在从句中充当时间状语。
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等价替换公式
when = 介词 + which (如 during which, at which, in which 等,根据先行词搭配决定)
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对比练习句组
基础句 There was a period when I didn't hear from him at all. (有一段时间我根本没有他的消息。)替换句 There was a period during which I didn't hear from him at all.
- ② where
-
基本概念
先行词表示地点,关系副词在从句中充当地点状语。
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等价替换公式
where = 介词 + which (如 in which, at which 等)
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对比练习句组
基础句 The small town where I grew up has become a popular tourist destination. (我长大的那个小镇已经成为一个热门的旅游目的地。)替换句 The small town in which I grew up has become a popular tourist destination.
- ③ why
-
基本概念
先行词通常为reason(s) / 原因,关系副词在从句中充当原因状语。
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等价替换公式
why = for which ★ 专升本/四级极高频考点
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对比练习句组
基础句 Could you explain the main reason why you decided to quit your stable job? (你能解释一下你决定辞去稳定工作的核心原因吗?)替换句 Could you explain the main reason for which you decided to quit your stable job?
关系副词功能与可换成分对照表
下表总结:三种关系副词对应的先行词类型、从句成分及等价替换形式。
| 先行词种类 | 从句中所缺状语 | 可换成 | 备注 / 常见介词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 时间 (Time) | 缺时间状语 | 介词 + which | during / on / in / at + which |
| 地点 (Place) | 缺地点状语 | 介词 + which | in / at + which |
| reason(s) (原因) | 缺原因状语 | for which | 常考固定搭配 ★ |
名词性从句 Noun Clauses
名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
名词性从句四大分类
1 主语从句 Subject Clause
在复合句中,充当主语的从句。
① 引导词 + 从句 + 主句谓语动词.
② It is / was + adj. / n. 或短语 / 过去分词(如 said / reported / believed / suggested 等)+ 引导词 + 从句.(此时 It 为形式主语)
- That Mixuebingcheng has opened stores in the US is true.
- Over time, it becomes clear that our way of thinking will gradually transform.
2 宾语从句 Object Clause
在复合句中,充当宾语的从句。
① 及物动词 / 介词 + 引导词 + 从句.
② 及物动词 + sb (某人) + 引导词 + 从句.
- Recent research has explained why this change occurs.
- We all focus on whether we can pass the exam smoothly.
- Experts tell us that every stage in the development of the Chinese nation is significant.
3 表语从句 Predicative Clause
在复合句中,充当表语的从句,通常放在系动词之后。
系动词 + 引导词 + 从句.
- The truth is that we must work hard.
- What is mainly remarkable is how a new language can reshape our mental habits.
4 同位语从句 Appositive Clause
在复合句中,用来解释说明"抽象名词"具体内容的从句。
这里的抽象名词是指没有具体形状,无法用视觉、触觉触及到实物的名词,常用表达情感、想法、愿望、概念、品质等。
常见词汇:hope (希望), wish (愿望), doubt (怀疑), belief (信念), dream (梦想), idea (想法), faith (信仰), thought (思想), fact (事实), result (结果) 等。
抽象名词 + 引导词 + 从句.
- The fact that we all like English is undoubted.
- Many learners know the fact that as their skills improve, their way of thinking also changes.
名词性从句 15 个核心引导词
一、 普通连词 Subordinating Conjunctions
特点:只起连接主句和从句的作用,不作从句中的任何句子成分。
❶ that
核心词义 没有实在意义
从句成分 不充当任何成分
名词从分类 引导各类名词性从句
Our teacher suggested that we should read more books. (老师建议我们应该多读书)
❷ whether
核心词义 翻译为"是否"
从句成分 不充当任何成分
名词从分类 引导各类名词性从句
补充注意 常可以与 or 或 or not 连用
Whether we can finish the project on time is a big challenge. (我们能否按时完成这个项目是一个巨大的挑战)
❸ if
核心词义 翻译为"是否"
从句成分 不充当任何成分
名词从分类 主要引导宾语从句
补充注意 还可以引导条件状语从句(意为"如果")
Could you tell me if the library is open on weekends? (你能告诉我图书馆周末是否开放吗)
❹ as if / as though
核心词义 翻译为"好像"
从句成分 不充当任何成分
名词从分类 在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句
补充注意 还可以引导方式状语从句
It looks as if they have already solved the problem. (看起来好像他们已经解决了这个问题)
❺ because
核心词义 翻译为"因为"
从句成分 不充当任何成分
名词从分类 在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句
补充注意 还可以引导原因状语从句
The reason for his success is because he never gives up. (他成功的原因是因为他从未放弃)
二、 连接代词 Conjunctive Pronouns
特点:既起连接作用,又在从句中充当句子成分,且都有各自的含义。
❻ who
核心词义 "谁"(有疑问含义)
从句成分 充当主语、表语
名词从分类 可引导各类名词性从句
Who will attend the international conference is still a secret. (谁将参加这次国际会议仍然是个秘密)
❼ whom
核心词义 "谁"(有疑问含义)
从句成分 充当宾语
名词从分类 可引导各类名词性从句
The manager hasn't decided whom he should promote to the position. (经理还没有决定他应该提拔谁来担任这个职位)
❽ which
核心词义 "(特定范围内的)哪一个 / 哪些"(有疑问含义)
从句成分 充当主语、宾语、定语
补充注意 不引导同位语从句
I am not sure which route is the shortest. (我不确定哪条路线是最短的)
❾ what (疑问义)
核心词义 "什么"、"什么样的"(有疑问含义,多用于提问价格、人口等)
从句成分 充当主语、表语、宾语、定语
名词从分类 可引导各类名词性从句
The interviewer asked me what my major was in university. (面试官问我大学的专业是什么)
❿ what (原型义)
核心词义 "所……的" 或 "……的事物/东西/人/样子/地方等"(无疑问含义)
从句成分 充当主语、宾语、表语
补充注意 一般不引导同位语从句
What he said at the graduation ceremony inspired all of us. (他在毕业典礼上所说的话激励了我们所有人)
⓫ whose
核心词义 "谁的"
从句成分 充当定语
名词从分类 多引导宾语从句
The teacher asked whose dictionary this was. (老师问这是谁的词典)
三、 复合连接代词 -ever 核心系列
特点:表示"无论……",无疑问含义。
⓬ whoever
核心词义 "无论谁"(含义上相当于 anyone who)
从句成分 充当主语、表语
名词从分类 引导名词性从句
补充注意 还可以引导让步状语从句(此时可与 no matter who 互换)
Whoever wins the competition will receive a valuable prize. (无论谁赢得比赛都将获得一份珍贵的奖品)
⓭ whomever
核心词义 "无论谁"(含义上相当于 anyone who/whom)
从句成分 充当宾语
名词从分类 引导名词性从句
You can give the extra ticket to whomever you like. (你可以把多余的票给你喜欢的任何人)
⓮ whichever
核心词义 "(特定范围内的)无论哪一个 / 哪些"
从句成分 充当宾语、定语
Our team will accept whichever plan is more practical. (我们团队将接受无论哪一个更务实的计划)
⓯ whatever
核心词义 "无论什么"(含义上相当于 anything that)
从句成分 充当主语、表语、宾语、定语
名词从分类 引导名词性从句
补充注意 还可以引导让步状语从句(此时可与 no matter what 互换)
Whatever you choose to do should be done with care. (无论你选择做什么,都应该认真对待)
状语从句 Adverbial Clauses
状语从句在复合句中修饰整个主句,为其提供时间、地点、条件、原因、目的等逻辑背景。
状语从句
一、状语的概念
在一个句子中表示时间、地点、目的、条件、程度等,修饰动词、形容词、副词。
I play basketball on the playground after school every day.
我在操场上打篮球。(划线部分分别表示地点、时间、频率,均为状语)
二、状语从句的概念
在复合句中修饰整个主句,并为其提供时间、地点、条件、原因、目的等逻辑背景的从句。
If you work harder, you will succeed.
如果你更努力,你就会成功。
(If 引导条件状语从句,为"成功"提供条件背景)
You'd better make a mark where you have any question.
你最好在有问题的地方做个记号。
(where 引导地点状语从句,为"做标记"提供地点背景)
三、状语从句的结构
从句在前时,通常用逗号与主句隔开。
从句在后时,一般不用逗号。
二、常见引导词详解(1-28)
When the police came into the room, the criminal escaped from the window.
当警察进入房间时,罪犯从窗户逃走了。
When the sun finally rose, painting the clouds in soft pinks and golds, I jumped out of bed and dressed as quickly as I could.
当太阳终于升起,把云朵染成了柔和的粉色和金色,我从床上跳起来,以最快的速度穿好衣服。
- 当从句是短暂性动作/瞬间动作(如 arrive, open)时,只能用 when,不能用 while。
- 当从句是延续性动作时,when 和 while 都可以用。
- 强调两个动作正在同时进行时用 while(例如:我写作业期间,妈妈在做饭)。
- 表示"就在那时",只能用 when。
While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain.
当我在等公交车的时候,开始下雨了。
Bob felt his heart beating very fast while he was waiting for the final result.
鲍勃在等待最终结果时,感觉自己的心跳得很快。
While I understand your point, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的观点,但我不能同意你。
While the plan sounds perfect, it lacks practical details.
虽然这个计划听起来很完美,但它缺乏实际细节。
As time went by, the girl became stronger.
随着时间的推移,女孩变得更强壮了。
As I walked through the quiet streets, I noticed that the air smelled fresh and clean.
当我走过安静的街道时,我注意到空气闻起来清新干净。
As the rain kept pouring, we had to cancel the outdoor picnic.
由于雨一直下,我们不得不取消户外野餐。
As regular exercise strengthens the heart, it is widely recommended for long-term health.
由于定期锻炼能增强心脏功能,它被广泛推荐用于长期健康。
Child as he is, he knows perfectly about social skills.
尽管他是个孩子,他对社交技巧了如指掌。
Difficult as the question is, we should work together to overcome it.
尽管这个问题很难,我们应该齐心协力克服它。
Do as the Romans do when in Rome.
入乡随俗。(在罗马时,就像罗马人那样做。)
I noticed that the air smelled fresh and clean as it always did after a light rain.
我注意到空气闻起来清新干净,就像小雨过后一贯的那样。
I was happy until / till I saw my grades.
我一直很开心,直到我看到我的成绩。
The community kept the ancient festival alive until the war started in 1940.
这个社区一直保留着这个古老的节日,直到1940年战争爆发。
He won't leave the classroom until the lights are turned off.
直到灯都关了,他才会离开教室。
She didn't realize that she was too loud until she saw everyone was staring at her.
直到她看到所有人都在盯着她看,她才意识到自己太大声了。
Before we finish class, I would like to say something.
在我们下课前,我想说几句。
I was lying awake for hours before the first hint of dawn appeared in the sky.
我醒着躺了好几个小时,直到第一缕曙光出现在天空中。
After the children had finished their breakfast, they were told to read books.
孩子们吃完早饭后,被告知要去读书。
The thief came back to steal more things after he had spent all the money.
小偷花光了所有钱之后,又回来偷更多东西。
As soon as I get home, my father will start nagging me.
我一到家,我爸就会开始唠叨我。
It has been ten years since she left.
自从她离开已经十年了。
Since he took charge of the office, we have experienced many changes.
自从他负责这个办公室以来,我们经历了许多变化。
Since you are already here, you should study hard.
既然你已经在这里了,你就应该努力学习。
We should protect the environment since climate change is a serious problem.
我们应该保护环境,因为气候变化是一个严重的问题。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者,事竟成。(在有意志的地方,就有路。)
Researchers often go where they can find clean water samples to conduct their tests.
研究人员经常去那些能找到干净水样来进行测试的地方。
I knew that I had to hurry if I wanted to reach the village before the shop opened.
我知道如果我想在商店开门前赶到村子,我就得赶快。
You will miss the bus unless you hurry up.
你会错过公交车,除非你赶快。
Unless measures are taken immediately, the situation will get even worse.
除非立即采取措施,否则情况会变得更糟。
You can borrow my book as / so long as you return it on time.
你可以借我的书,只要你按时归还。
As / So long as we have a strong will, we will be able to get over any difficulty.
只要我们有坚强的意志,我们就能克服任何困难。
Although / Though she is young, she is very responsible.
虽然她很年轻,但她很负责任。
Difficult though the experiment was, she concentrated on it and did well at last.
尽管这个实验很难,她全神贯注,最终做得很好。
I will always be your friend no matter what / whatever happens.
无论发生什么,我永远是你的朋友。
No matter where / Wherever you go, keep in touch with me.
无论你去哪里,和我保持联系。
Even if / Even though I fail this time, I will try again.
即使我这次失败了,我也会再试一次。
Even if / Even though he had made good preparations for the job interview, he failed to answer some questions raised by the interviewer.
即使他为面试做了充分准备,他还是没能回答面试官提出的一些问题。
He succeeded because he worked very hard.
他成功了,因为他非常努力。
This plan is better in that it costs less and takes less time.
这个计划更好,因为它花费更少、耗时更短。
The theory is valuable in that it provides a new framework for analyzing historical events.
这个理论很有价值,因为它为分析历史事件提供了一个新框架。
Now that the exam is over, we can relax for a while.
既然考试结束了,我们可以放松一下了。
Now that you are interested in traditional Chinese culture, this festival is worth experiencing.
既然你对中国传统文化感兴趣,这个节日值得体验一下。
The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.
这个箱子如此重,以至于我搬不动它。
The news was so shocking that it spread across the campus within minutes.
这个消息如此令人震惊,以至于几分钟内就传遍了整个校园。
It was such a funny story that everyone laughed.
这是一个如此有趣的故事,以至于每个人都笑了。
These are such beautiful flowers that everyone stops to admire them.
这些是如此美丽的花,以至于每个人都停下来欣赏它们。
He got up early so that / in order that he could catch the first bus.
他起得很早,以便能赶上第一班公交车。
We need to collect more evidence so that / in order that our argument will be convincing.
我们需要收集更多证据,以便我们的论证更有说服力。
The fruit salad looks as delicious as it tastes.
这个水果沙拉看起来和吃起来一样美味。
When we arrived at Erhai Lake, it proved to be as beautiful as I had imagined.
当我们到达洱海时,它证明和我想象的一样美丽。
I paid for it and left, feeling happier than I had felt in weeks.
我付了钱离开了,感觉比这几周以来的任何时候都更开心。
The scientists found that the way the brain works is far more complicated than they had thought.
科学家们发现大脑的工作方式远比他们想象的要复杂。
The more you practice, the better your English will be.
你练习得越多,你的英语就会越好。
The more challenging the task is, the more satisfaction you will gain from completing it.
任务越有挑战性,完成它时你获得的满足感就越大。
You will pass the exam only if you study hard.
只有努力学习,你才能通过考试。
A country can achieve sustainable development only if it balances economic growth with environmental protection.
一个国家只有平衡经济增长与环境保护,才能实现可持续发展。
Once you make a promise, you should keep it.
一旦你许下承诺,你就应该遵守它。
Once you have finished the task, you can take a break.
一旦你完成了任务,你就可以休息一下。
It looks as if / as though it is going to rain.
看起来好像要下雨了。
She cried as if / as though she had lost something precious.
她哭得好像丢了什么珍贵的东西一样。